Beautiful Horse inside the Pen

Beautiful Horse inside the Pen - The round pen, sometimes called a bullpen is a round enclosure used for horse training. They range in diameter from a minimum of 30 feet (9.1 m) to a maximum of 100 feet (30 m), with most designs 50 to 60 feet (15 to 18 m) in diameter. Footing is usually sand or other soft dirt. The sides are 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) high, traditionally made of wooden posts with rails or wooden boards, modern round pens are often made out of portable pipe panels that allow the pen to be made bigger or smaller, or to be moved.



Designs vary. Traditional designs intended for control of untamed feral horses are made of heavy lumber and up to 8 feet (2.4 m) high, to prevent the animal from jumping out or running through the fence. Traditional round pens have closely spaced rails that allow foot room for a human to climb out of the pen, but also give the fence great strength and also discourage the animal from seeking escape due to the near-solid appearance of closely spaced rails. Most modern round pens, however, are intended for domesticated horses who do not fear humans. These designs commonly are built about 6 feet (1.8 m) high, which still discourages jumping out, but use fewer materials and are less expensive. There are two common modern designs. One, made of pipe, 2 by 6 inches (51 by 152 mm) planks or round rails, resembles a traditional fence, with fewer rails than a traditional type, as the modern domestic horse usually respects fences and does not consider the normal gaps between fence rails to offer a means of escape. In this design, the bottom section of the fence may be solid to prevent the sand or loose dirt from being pushed out of the pen by the movement of the animal. The other design, sometimes called a "bullpen," has completely solid walls, usually plywood placed over traditional rails or planks, to completely block all outside visual distractions and to allow the horse to concentrate on the handler. Sometimes the walls of a bullpen slant outward slightly. The solid-walled design may also reduce wind, and thus allow work in more inclement weather than a more open design. The drawback to a bullpen design is that the solid, smooth walls hinder a human's escape from the pen by climbing over the fence if needed.



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Bereaved Lion in Zoo 4K

Bereaved Lion in Zoo 4K - Very sad lion look filmed at zoo.

Most lionesses will have reproduced by the time they are four years of age.Lions do not mate at any specific time of year, and the females are polyestrous.As with other cats' penises, the male lion's penis has spines that point backward. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause ovulation.A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is in heat; during a mating bout, which could last several days, the couple copulates twenty to forty times a day, often forgoing eating. Lions reproduce very well in captivity.



The average gestation period is around 110 days, the female giving birth to a litter of one to four cubs in a secluded den (which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area) usually away from the rest of the pride. She will often hunt by herself while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the thicket or den where the cubs are kept.The cubs themselves are born blind – their eyes do not open until roughly a week after birth. They weigh 1.2–2.1 kg (2.6–4.6 lb) at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age.The lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one by one by the nape of the neck, to prevent scent from building up at a single den site and thus avoiding the attention of predators that may harm the cubs.



Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old.Sometimes this introduction to pride life occurs earlier, however, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time. For instance, lionesses in a pride often synchronise their reproductive cycles so that they cooperate in the raising and suckling of the young (once the cubs are past the initial stage of isolation with their mother), who suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. In addition to greater protection, the synchronization of births also has an advantage in that the cubs end up being roughly the same size, and thus have an equal chance of survival. If one lioness gives birth to a litter of cubs a couple of months after another lioness, for instance, then the younger cubs, being much smaller than their older brethren, usually are dominated by larger cubs at mealtimes – consequently, death by starvation is more common amongst the younger cubs.



In addition to starvation, cubs also face many other dangers, such as predation by jackals, hyenas, leopards, martial eagles, and snakes. Even buffaloes, should they catch the scent of lion cubs, often stampede toward the thicket or den where they are being kept, doing their best to trample the cubs to death while warding off the lioness. Furthermore, when one or more new males oust the previous male(s) associated with a pride, the conqueror(s) often kill any existing young cubs, perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. All in all, as many as 80% of the cubs will die before the age of two.



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